Pulse sensor, system, and method for using a pulse sensor

ABSTRACT

A pulse sensor is capable of measuring a pulse rate of a wearer at a peripheral artery. In an embodiment, the pulse sensor includes a magnet supported to move responsive to an arterial pulse and a magnetometer configured to detect changes in a magnetic field produced by the magnet. The magnet may include a plurality of ferromagnetic particles disposed in or on a flexible substrate configured to be held adjacent to human skin subject to arterial palpation and a magnetic sensor configured to sense movement of the ferromagnetic particles. A system and method may measure hydration includes using a pulse sensor to measure pulse rate and modulation. The wearer is prompted when the pulse rate and pulse modulation indicate a response to dehydration of the wearer.

SUMMARY

According to an embodiment, a pulse monitor includes a sensor disposedover an artery (e.g., a peripheral artery), such as a wrist-worn sensorthat may detect a periodic expansion of the radial artery. The frequencyof the periodic expansion is indicative of heart rate. In an embodiment,a magnitude of periodic expansion is indicative of blood volume.According to embodiments, the detected heart rate and blood volume arecorrelated to infer a state of hydration of the wearer. According to anembodiment, the detected heart rate and blood volume are correlated toinfer a rate of caloric output.

During normal changes in hydration, human blood volume changes. Serumvolume is decreased as overall hydration decreases. This may beexhibited as an overall increase in blood viscosity. Blood is a(shear-thinning) non-Newtonian fluid that is characterized by relativelyhigh viscosity during low-shear conditions and relatively low viscosityduring high-shear conditions. The systolic phase of pulse tends to becharacterized by higher shear force on the blood compared to thediastolic phase. Due to blood's response to shear force, the viscosityis higher during the diastolic phase than during the systolic phase.

During exercise, moderate dehydration may be accompanied by an increasein peripheral blood pressure (BP), with diastolic BP increasing somewhatmore than systolic BP, and by an increase in pulse rate. During severedehydration, peripheral BP may decrease as the body redirects blood flowto vital organs.

A human pulse wave is characterized by a peak resulting from the heart'scontraction during systole, quickly followed by a smaller hump (alsoreferred to as a peak herein) resulting from wave reflection duringdiastole. The inventors have discovered that the change in systolic wavepeak-to-reflected wave peak, as measured by the differential peripheralartery expansion, changes as a function of blood viscosity and may beused to estimate hydration even without a blood pressure cuff or otherapparatus for measurement of absolute (or gauge) blood pressure. In anembodiment, changes in differential peripheral artery expansion may becombined with changes in pulse rate to further refine the estimate ofhydration. The inventors contemplate that detected arterial expansionand heart rate may be used to infer caloric output. The inventorsfurther contemplate detecting differential peripheral artery expansionto estimate or infer other medical, health, and/or nutritionalconditions.

According to an embodiment, an increase in blood viscosity results indecreased differential expansion of peripheral arteries, with acorresponding decrease in signal modulation generated responsive to thedifferential expansion. The body may compensate by simultaneouslyincreasing heart rate. In an embodiment, the health monitor sensorincludes a pulse sensor that simultaneously measures heart rate andsystolic peak to diastolic hump arterial expansion ratio, which isexpressed as modulation. A mobile pulse sensor application may correlatethe heart rate and modulation, estimate a hydration state of a user, anddrive a user interface to alert the user to drink fluids in order tomaintain optimal hydration.

Optionally, the pulse sensor may be configured to simultaneously measureathletic exertion. For example, the pulse sensor may measure apparentmotion of far field magnetic field (e.g., earth's magnetic field) orotherwise sense accelerations corresponding to gross motor movements ofa person. The pulse monitor application may correlate the measurementsto provide enhanced sensitivity and improved rejection of spuriousmeasurements.

Optionally, the pulse sensor may include a skin impedance sensor.Detected skin impedance combined with detected blood volume may providedata to inform a process for estimating hydration.

According to embodiments, a hydration estimation process may beperformed with a programmable or application specific logic device (suchas an FPGA or ASIC) or as a computational thread supported by amicrocontroller or microprocessor. In an embodiment, the process may bedisposed at least partly on a networked server operatively coupled tothe local pulse sensor hardware.

According to an embodiment, a method for monitoring the hydration of aperson includes measuring a physical periodic motion corresponding to aperipheral artery with a pulse sensor to determine pulse data, eachmeasured physical periodic motion corresponding to a sequence ofinstantaneous arterial size estimates or derivatives thereof. The methodincludes outputting the pulse data (which pulse data may include amodulation and a pulse rate) and receiving one or more instances ofpulse data with a programmable hardware device (such as amicrocontroller). The method may include saving the modulation and pulserate to a buffer memory as a modulation history and pulse rate history.The method may include calculating a combined modulation and pulse ratelimit from the modulation and pulse rate history. The method may includewriting the pulse data to a memory device as an instant in an arterialpulsation history, and reading the arterial pulsation history. Themethod may include determining, with a microcontroller, at least onelimit including at least one of a pulse wave modulation value, a pulserate value, and a blood flow value from the arterial pulsation history.The method may include writing the at least one limit to anon-transitory computer readable medium, receiving one or more new pulsedata sets, calculating at least one new variable value from the one ormore new pulse data sets, and comparing, with the programmable hardwaredevice, the at least one new variable value to the at least one limit.The microcontroller outputs a prompt via a user interface to the personif a predetermined number of instances of the at least one new variablevalue falls outside the at least one limit, indicating a probable needfor rehydration. Optionally, the modulation and/or pulse rate limit maybe expressed as a derivative, such that the method looks for changes inslope of modulation and/or pulse rate vs. time.

According to an embodiment, a non-transitory computer readable mediumcarrying computer executable instructions configured to cause a portabledevice to execute a method includes the steps of measuring a physicalperiodic motion of a peripheral artery with a pulse sensor, eachmeasured physical periodic motion including a modulation and a pulserate; receiving the modulation and pulse rate with a microcontroller;and saving the modulation and pulse rate to a buffer memory as amodulation history and pulse rate history. The microcontroller maydetermine a modulation, estimated instantaneous blood flow rate, andpulse rate limit from the modulation and pulse rate history. Themodulation, blood flow rate and pulse rate limit may be written to anon-transitory computer readable medium. The microcontroller comparesone or more measured instances of the modulation, blood flow rate andcorresponding pulse rate to the modulation, blood flow rate and pulserate limit. The microcontroller outputs, via a user interface, a promptto the person if the one or more measured instances of the modulation,blood flow rate and pulse rate falls outside the modulation, blood flowrate and pulse rate limit.

The method for monitoring a human pulse may include using one or moremagnetic sensor(s) to measure the change in magnetic flux arising fromthe perturbation of a magnetic field where such field is created bymagnets or magnetic particles positioned on the wrist at the radialartery.

According to an embodiment, a method may extend the functionality of theapparatus to monitor relative blood flow and, along with other inputs,allows an estimate of relative state of hydration. Blood flows througharteries as waves created by the pumping action of the heart. The changein magnetic flux is proportional to the change in the radius of theartery created by the pulse wave. The method may include calculatingpositive changes in arterial radius during a pulse wave by a formularelating change in magnetic flux to change in radius. The formula may bederived empirically and depends on location of sensors relative tomagnetic field, among other factors. The method may also includesampling the magnetic flux frequently in order to sum the radiusmeasurements to calculate an estimate of the volume of the portion ofthe wave that is distending the artery during systolic and diastolicphases and calculating an index of blood flow as a function of the abovewave volume multiplied by the frequency of waves (i.e. pulse rate).

Changes in hydration may result in changes in modulation, pulse andblood flow, but these changes may also be moderated by changes inexercise and body temperature.

The pulse sensor may include a temperature sensor to measure skintemperature as an index of body temperature and accelerometer oraccelerometer/gyro to monitor motion as an index of exercise. An indexof hydration may be calculated as a function using the modulation, bloodflow index, pulse rate, optionally body temperature index and optionallyexercise index.

According to an embodiment, a method includes generating, with a pulsesensor positioned adjacent to a peripheral artery of a person, pulsesensor signals indicative of movement of the peripheral artery,calculating, with a digital processor, a pulse rate and a modulation ofthe peripheral artery based on the pulse sensor signals, and comparing,with the digital processor, the pulse rate and the modulation toreference pulse rates and reference modulations. The method includesdetermining, with the digital processor, a state of hydration of theperson based on the comparison of the pulse rate and modulation to thereference pulse rates and reference modulations, and outputting an alertto the user if the state of hydration corresponds to the person beingdehydrated.

According to an embodiment, a pulse sensor includes at least one magnetdisposed adjacent to a user's artery subject to pulse movement, themagnet being subject to movement responsive to the arterial pulsemovement. A magnetometer is configured to measure a magnetic fieldproduced by the at least one magnet and to measure variations in themagnetic field corresponding to the movement of the magnet responsive tothe arterial pulse movement. A sensing circuit is operatively coupled tothe magnetometer and configured to infer a heart rate corresponding tothe sensed variations in the magnetic field.

According to an embodiment, a pulse sensor includes a flexible membraneconfigured to be held adjacent to a user's skin at a locationcorresponding to an artery subject to pulse movement and at least onemagnet having a magnetic axis, the magnet being disposed on the flexiblemembrane and being configured to physically tilt responsive to the pulsemovement, whereby the magnetic axis tilts. A magnetometer is configuredto measure a magnetic field produced by the at least one magnet, themagnetometer having a magnetic field measurement axis along which themagnetic axis tilt causes a change in measured magnetic field strength.

According to another embodiment, a pulse sensor includes a flexiblemembrane configured to be held adjacent to a user's skin at a locationcorresponding to an artery subject to pulse movement, at least onemagnet disposed on the flexible membrane and configured to moveresponsive to the pulse movement, and a magnetometer configured tomeasure variations in a magnetic field from the at least one magnetresponsive to the pulse movement.

A motion sensor may be configured to detect movement of the human. Amicrocontroller operatively coupled to the magnetometer and the motionsensor may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium carryingmicrocontroller instructions configured to cause the microcontroller toreceive data or a signal from the magnetometer, receive detectedmovement information from the motion sensor, filter the data or signalfrom the first magnetometer responsive to the detected movement, andoutput heart rate data corresponding to the filtered data or signal fromthe first magnetometer.

According to embodiments, the motion sensor may also provide user motiondata to fitness and health tracking applications, devices, and/orsystems. In a particular embodiment, a sensor device outputs motion dataand heart rate data to a fitness or health tracking application. Thefitness or health tracking application is embodied as a non-transitorycomputer readable medium carrying computer instructions that cause theapplication to correlate a sequence of motion data to a correspondingsequence of heart rate data. The application may perform logicaloperations, for example using Bayesian logic, on the correlated data todetermine a probability of a user having a fitness corresponding to anyof a plurality of levels; and display the most probable fitness level tothe user.

According to an embodiment, a method for detecting a heart rate includessupporting a magnet adjacent to the skin of a person, receiving aperiodic physical impulse with the magnet responsive to arterialmovement during systole and diastole, and undergoing a periodic tiltingmotion of the magnet responsive to the periodic physical impulsecorresponding to systole and diastole. A magnetometer detects a periodicchange in the strength of the magnetic field produced by the magnetalong an axis parallel to the person's skin and outputs a magnetometersignal or magnetometer data corresponding to a periodicity of thedetected periodic change in the strength of the magnetic field. Theoutput signal or data includes a component corresponding to a heart rateof the person.

According to an embodiment, a method for tracking the heart rate of aperson includes flexibly supporting a magnet adjacent to a pulsedetection location of a person, undergoing, with the magnet, movementresponsive to pulse movement of the person, and operating a magnetometerto detect periodic changes in magnetic field strength from the magnet,the periodic changes in magnetic field strength corresponding to themovement of the magnet and the pulse movement of the person. Amicrocontroller receives magnetometer data including the periodicchanges in magnetic field strength from the magnet and transforms themagnetometer data to produce frequency data. The microcontrollerreceives motion data corresponding to movement of the person from amotion detector. The microcontroller uses the motion data to filter thefrequency data to select a frequency most likely to correspond to apulse rate of the person.

According to an embodiment, a pulse sensor includes a flexible substrateconfigured for support against a human skin surface, a plurality ofaligned magnetic dipoles supported by the flexible substrate, a magneticsensor configured to detect magnetic fields emitted by the plurality ofmagnetic dipoles, and an analysis circuit operatively coupled to themagnetic sensor. According to an embodiment, the flexible substrate mayinclude a gel material. The magnetic dipoles may be suspended in thegel. In an embodiment, the magnetic dipoles may be formed from magneticnano-beads, or alternatively from crushed or otherwise finely dividedportions of a poled permanent magnet. In an embodiment, high coercivitymagnetic dipoles may be magnetically aligned during manufacture andlocked into alignment by cross-linking or otherwise fixing relativealignment of the magnetic dipoles. In another embodiment, highcoercivity magnetic dipoles may be held in alignment during use by amagnet configured to pass a magnetic field through the magnetic dipoles.

In another embodiment, the magnetic dipoles may be formed from a lowcoercivity material. The low coercivity particles may be induced to bealigned magnetic dipoles by a magnet configured to pass a magnetic fieldthrough the low coercivity particles.

According to an embodiment, a method for detecting a human pulseincludes supporting a flexible substrate carrying aligned magneticdipoles against a human skin surface subject to motion caused by a humanpulse, sensing a time sequence of magnetic field data including acomponent corresponding to the aligned magnetic dipoles subject tomotion caused by the human pulse, and transforming the magnetic fielddata to heartbeat data corresponding to the sensed human pulse.

According to an embodiment, the method may include mechanicallymaintaining alignment of the magnetic dipoles. According to anotherembodiment, the method may include applying a magnetic field to themagnetic dipoles to hold the magnetic dipoles in alignment. According toanother embodiment, the magnetic dipoles may be formed as low coercivityparticles, and the method may include applying a magnetic field to thelow coercivity particles to cause the low coercivity particles to bemagnetized in alignment with the magnetic field, thereby becomingaligned magnetic dipoles.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure are described by wayof example with reference to the accompanying figures, which areschematic and are not intended to be drawn to scale. Unless indicated asrepresenting the background art, the figures represent aspects of thedisclosure.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a pulse sensor, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2A is a diagram of a pulse sensor during a diastolic portion of auser's heartbeat, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2B is a diagram of a portion of the pulse sensor of FIG. 2A duringa palpated portion of the user's heartbeat and including an alternativemagnetic field design, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method for detecting a heart rate, accordingto an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for tracking the heart rate of aperson, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a pulse sensor configured as awristband, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5B is a sectional view and partial sectional views of the pulsesensor 100 of FIG. 5A, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a method for detecting a human pulse,according to an embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a view of a magnetic sensor used in an experiment reported inthe Examples section, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a plot of heartbeat data from the experiment described in theExamples section, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a second plot of heartbeat data from a second experimental runfrom the experiment described in the Examples section, according to anembodiment.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of a pulse wave corresponding to data generated bya prototype pulse sensor described in conjunction with FIGS. 2A and 2B,according to an embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart of a method for monitoring the hydration of aperson, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 12 illustrates optional locations for supporting a pulse sensoragainst respective arteries, according to embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, whichare not to scale or to proportion, similar symbols typically identifysimilar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrativeembodiments described in the detailed description, drawings and claims,are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be used and/or otherchanges may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of thepresent disclosure.

The terms heart rate and pulse rate are used interchangeably herein. Asused herein, the term pulse sensor refers to a device capable ofmeasuring a pulse of a wearer. A heart rate monitor is a type of pulsesensor that measures pulse rate. A health monitor includes a pulsesensor that measures aspects of a pulse, including pulse rate, that maybe used to infer a physical condition of a wearer. According toembodiments, a pulse sensor may also be considered a health monitor whenthe pulse sensor is capable of measuring a variable corresponding torelative pressure or dilation during systolic and diastolic portions ofa pulse.

For purposes of clarity, the term pulse monitor is used as ageneralization of the terms heart rate monitor and health monitor,wherein specificity may be inferred by recited function and mayoptionally be directly specified by incorporations by reference ofpatents and applications from which this application draws priority.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a pulse sensor 100, according to an embodiment.The pulse sensor 100 includes at least one magnet 102 disposed adjacentto a user's artery 104 subject to pulse movement, the magnet 102 beingsubject to movement responsive to the arterial pulse movement. Theuser's tissue 106 provides compressive and tensile strength 108, anditself conveys motion responsive to the arterial pulsations 104, 104′.The tissue 106 thus conveys motion between locations 102, 102′ occupiedby the magnet 102. The orientation of the poles of the magnet(s) 102 maybe oriented according to various axes as described in respectiveembodiments below.

A magnetometer 110 is positioned within and configured to measure amagnetic field produced by the at least one magnet 102 and is configuredto measure variations in the magnetic field corresponding to themovement of the magnet responsive to the arterial pulse movement. Asensing circuit 112 is operatively coupled to the magnetometer 110 andconfigured to infer a heart rate corresponding to the sensed variationsin the magnetic field. For example, the sensing circuit 112 may bephysically coupled to the magnetometer 110.

Alternatively, at least a portion of the sensing circuit 112 may beoperatively coupled to the magnetometer 110 via a radio interface. Forexample, the pulse sensor 100 may include a first radio communicationcircuit configured to output data corresponding to a signal from themagnetometer 110 via a radio signal, a second radio communicationcircuit configured to receive the data from the first radiocommunication circuit via the radio signal, and a data logging circuitoperatively coupled to the second radio communication circuit. In thisarrangement, for example, a portion of the sensing circuit 112 includingan analog-to-digital converter may receive analog input from themagnetometer 110, and convert the analog signal to a digital value thatis then output via the first and second radio circuits to anotherportion of the sensing circuit 112.

In an embodiment, a flexible membrane 114 may be configured to be heldadjacent to the user's skin at a location corresponding to the artery104 subject to pulse movement and the at least one magnet 102 may bedisposed on the flexible membrane 114. Optionally, a pressure sensitiveadhesive coating 116 may be disposed on the flexible membrane 114 tohold the flexible membrane 114 adjacent to the user's skin. In anotherembodiment, a housing 118 may be configured to support the flexiblemembrane 114 against the user's skin. In another embodiment, the atleast one magnet 102 is subcutaneously embedded within the user's tissue106 at a location near the artery 104.

FIG. 2A is a diagram of a pulse sensor 200 during a diastolic portion ofa user's heartbeat, according to an embodiment. FIG. 2B is a diagram 201of a portion of the pulse sensor 200 of FIG. 2A during a palpatedportion of the user's heartbeat and including an alternative magneticfield design, according to an embodiment. Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B,the pulse sensor 200 may include a flexible membrane 114 configured tobe held adjacent to a user's skin 202 at a location corresponding to anartery 104 subject to pulse movement. At least one magnet 102 having amagnetic axis 204 is disposed on the flexible membrane 114. Bysupporting the flexible membrane 114 and the at least one magnet 102against the user's skin 202 over the artery 104, the at least one magnet102 may be configured to physically tilt responsive to the pulsemovement, whereby the magnetic axis 204 tilts. FIG. 2A shows a diastolicportion of the heartbeat when the artery 104 is contracted. Themagnet(s) 102 tend to lie in plane with the user's skin 202. FIG. 2Bshows a palpated portion of the heartbeat when the artery 104 expandsunder systolic pumping pressure from the heart. As may be seen, themagnet(s) 102 and corresponding magnetic axis 204 (axes) is (are) tiltedup responsive to the pulse movement.

As used herein, the term magnetic axis 204 is defined relative to amagnet 102; that includes a north pole (indicated as N) and a south pole(indicated as S); such that the magnetic axis 204 is a line intersectingboth the north pole and the south pole of the magnet 102.

The magnetometer 110 is configured to measure a magnetic field producedby the at least one magnet 102, the magnetometer 110 having a magneticfield measurement axis 206 along which the magnetic axis 204 tilt causesa change in measured magnetic field strength. The detected magneticfield strength varies according to the tilt angle of the magnetic axis204 relative to the measurement axis 206. A periodicity corresponding tothe detected magnetic field strength corresponds to thesystolic-diastolic rhythm, and thus serves as a measurement of heartrate.

Moreover, it may be appreciated that the difference between magnet(s)angles, expressed as a difference in maximum and minimum detectedmagnetic field strength, may be proportional to a difference betweensystolic and diastolic blood pressure, which can, it is contemplated, berelated to gauge blood pressure of the user.

The arrangement depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B may be especially useful forcases where the magnetometer 110 either does not have the ability tomeasure changes in magnetic field strength in the z-axis normal to theskin 202 of the user; or where the signal to noise ratio, sensitivity,or accuracy of z-axis measurement is inferior to measurements takenalong the x-axis, which is nominally parallel to the magnetic axis(axes) 204 of the magnet(s) 102. This aspect may be leveraged tominimize or reduce z-axis height of the magnetometer 110 and/or tominimize or reduce z-axis height of the housing 118 (such as a portionof a smart watch band) that forms a portion of the pulse sensor 200.

In some embodiments, the magnetic field measurement axis 206 may beselected to be momentarily parallel to the plane of the magnetic axis204 of the at least one magnet 102 during a pulse period. This may occuronce per period if the magnetic axis 204 is parallel to the measurementaxis 206 either at diastole or at systole; or it may occur twice perperiod if the magnetic axis 204 is momentarily parallel to the magneticfield measurement axis 206 at a point other than maximum or minimumangular displacement (e.g., at a point in the period other than diastoleor systole). In other embodiments (e.g., if the magnet 102 is at adifferent angular position along a curved skin surface from themagnetometer 110), the magnetic axis 204 is never parallel to themagnetic field measurement axis 206 during heart rate measurement.Nevertheless, the measured magnetic field strength along the magneticfield measurement axis 206 will vary during the pulse period if themagnet(s) 102 is supported sufficiently close to the artery 104 that themagnet 102 tilts responsive to pulse.

As illustrated in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 3, the at least one magnet 102 mayinclude a plurality of magnets 102 a, 102 b disposed to cause at leasttwo of the plurality of magnets 102 a, 102 b to physically tiltresponsive to the pulse movement of the artery 104 and the skin 202. Insome embodiments, there may be precisely two magnets 102 a, 102 b thatare configured to align with the pulse point when the user dons theapparatus 200. In other embodiments, there may be three, four, or alarge plurality of magnets 102 a, 102 b located along the flexiblemembrane 114, such that a gap between two of the magnets 102 a, 102 bwill span the pulse measurement position over the artery 104. This maybe used, for example, to improve tolerance for rotational displacementof the apparatus 200 around the user's wrist, improve tolerance tophysical morphology differences between users, and/or allow for a loserfit of the flexible membrane 114.

Referring especially to FIG. 2A, the pulse sensor 200 may include amicrocontroller 208 operatively coupled to the magnetometer 110. Thehousing 118 may be configured to support the magnetometer 110 andconfigured to urge the flexible membrane 114 against the user's skin202. The housing 118 may include a magnetically transparent housingportion 210 selected to pass the magnetic field produced by themagnet(s) 102 to the magnetometer 110. For example, the magneticallytransparent housing portion 210 may be formed from a non-ferromagneticmaterial such as a plastic or aluminum. Additionally or alternatively,the housing 118 may be configured to support the magnetometer 110between the housing 118 and the magnet 102 (configuration not shown). Inthis configuration, it may still be preferable for the housing 118 to benon-ferromagnetic in order to avoid distorting magnetic field lines fromthe magnet(s) 102.

The pulse sensor 200 may further include a battery 212 contained withinthe housing 118 and configured to provide sufficient power to maintainfunction of the pulse sensor 200 for at least 24 hours. In someembodiments, the microcontroller 208 may go to sleep and receive motionand/or heart rate data responsive to a predetermined interval. Whenmotion and/or heart rate is relatively constant or has a low value, themicrocontroller 208 may be programmed to go back to sleep. When motionand/or heart rate data has changed since a previous sample, themicrocontroller 208 may be programmed to wake up and track heart rateand motion, and output data corresponding to heart rate and motion. Whenmotion decreases and heart rate drops, the microcontroller 208 may beprogrammed to go back to sleep. The combination of a low powermicrocontroller and the inherently low power consumption of themagnetometer 110 used for heart rate detection may enable the battery212 to provide sufficient power to maintain function of the pulse sensor200 for at least one week. This is possible with current batterytechnology owing to the very low power consumption of the magnetometer110 compared to an optical pulse sensor.

The pulse sensor 200 may further include a motion sensor 214 operativelycoupled to the microcontroller 208. For example, the motion sensor 214may include an accelerometer or a second magnetometer configured tosense an ambient magnetic field that is substantially stationaryrelative to movements of the user. In the “second magnetometer”embodiment, movement of the user through the earth's magnetic fieldand/or other ambient magnetic fields is sensed. In the secondmagnetometer embodiment, the pulse sensor 200 may further include amagnetic shield 216 configured to shield the second magnetometer 214from changes in magnetic field strength corresponding to movement of themagnet 102.

In another embodiment, the motion sensor 214 may be integral with themagnetometer 110 and may include a magnetometer axis (e.g., along they-axis into the plane of the drawing, FIGS. 2A and 2B) that istransverse to the plane of the magnetic axis 204. This approach resultsin partial confounding of movement with the pulse motion of themagnet(s) 102, but may be useful for parts reduction.

In another embodiment, the motion sensor 214 may be integral with themagnetometer 110, and the motion sensor 214 may include anaccelerometer. In an embodiment, the motion sensor 214 can be integralwith the magnetometer 110. For example, the magnetometer 110 can sensemagnetic fields (e.g., the earth's magnetic field) along a magneticsensor axis that is transverse to the magnetic axis 204 (e.g., along they-axis into the plane of the drawings FIGS. 2A and 2B). This approachmay result in partial confounding of movement with the pulse motion ofthe magnet(s) 102, but can be useful for cost reduction. In anotherembodiment, the motion sensor 214 can be a portion of the health monitorsensor separate from the pulse sensor. For example, the motion sensor214 can include an accelerometer, millimeter wave sensor, ultra-widebandsensor, radar and/or other devices or combinations thereof.

The pulse sensor 200 may further include a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium 218 contained within the microcontroller 208 orseparate from the microcontroller 208 and operatively coupled to themicrocontroller 208. In an embodiment, the non-transitorycomputer-readable medium 218 carries microcontroller 208 instructionsconfigured to cause the microcontroller 208 to receive data or a signalfrom the magnetometer 110, receive detected movement information fromthe motion sensor 214, and filter the data or signal from the firstmagnetometer 110 responsive to the detected movement.

The filtering is described more fully in conjunction with FIG. 3 below.

The pulse sensor 200 may further include an electronic display 220operatively coupled to the microcontroller 208. The microcontroller 208may be configured to calculate a most likely pulse rate and to cause theelectronic display 220 to display the most likely pulse rate.

The pulse sensor 200 may further include a radio 222 operatively coupledto or contained at least partially within the microcontroller 208. Themicrocontroller 208 may be configured to calculate a most likely pulserate and to cause the radio 222 to transmit the most likely pulse rate,for example to a smart phone (not shown) running a fitness applicationthat tracks the pulse rate.

Still referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B, according to an embodiment, thepulse sensor 200 includes a flexible membrane 114 configured to be heldadjacent to a user's skin 202 at a location corresponding to an artery104 subject to pulse movement, at least one magnet 102 disposed on theflexible membrane 114 and configured to move responsive to the pulsemovement, and a magnetometer 110 configured to measure variations in amagnetic field from the at least one magnet 102 responsive to the pulsemovement.

Other embodiments include positioning the magnetic axis 204 in adifferent orientation relative to the user's skin surface 202, than whatis depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B. For example, the magnet(s) 102 may bedisposed to have a vertical magnetic axis, such that magnetic axis 204is substantially normal transverse to the user's skin surface 202 (e.g.up to substantially perpendicular to the user's skin surface 202), andthe magnetometer 110 may be configured to have a measurement axis 206that measures variations in magnetic field strength along a verticalaxis substantially parallel to the magnetic axis. Although advantagescorresponding to overcoming z-axis precision, signal-to-noise, or sizemay be lost, such a (normal) alignment of magnetic axis and magneticmeasurement axis was found by the inventors to work.

Referring to FIG. 2B, in an embodiment, the magnets 102 a, 102 b may bedisposed to have antiparallel magnetic poles 204 a, 204 b. The inventorshave found that arranging the magnetic poles 204 a, 204 b of the magnets102 a, 102 b causes a magnetic field formed therebetween to have a largevertical (z-axis) component at the magnetometer 110. Accordingly, in anembodiment, the system 200, 201 may include a pair (or more) of movablemagnets 102 a, 102 b having magnetic axes 204 a, 204 b arranged inopposition and a magnetometer 110 having a z-axis (either upward ordownward) measurement axis 206.

In an embodiment, the at least one magnet 102 includes at least twomagnets 102 a, 102 b, the at least two magnets 102 a, 102 b havingmagnetic axes 204 a, 204 b arranged antiparallel to one another. Themagnetometer 110 may have a measurement axis 206 arranged perpendicularto the magnetic axes 204 a, 204 b of the at least two magnets 102 a, 102b.

The motion sensor 214 is configured to detect movement of the human. Theinventors have found that detected movement may provide data forinferring a change in heart rate. For example, an increased amount ofmovement may typically correspond to an increase in heart rate, andconversely a decreased amount of movement may typically correspond to adecrease in heart rate. The predictive nature of movement may be used toselect from between several frequency candidates in successive signalsfrom the magnetometer 110, any of which may correspond to the true heartrate.

The microcontroller 208 operatively coupled to the magnetometer 110 andthe motion sensor 214 may include the non-transitory computer-readablemedium 218 carrying microcontroller 208 instructions. The instructionsmay be selected to cause the microcontroller 208 to receive data or asignal from the magnetometer 110, receive detected movement informationfrom the motion sensor 214, filter the data or signal from the firstmagnetometer 110 responsive to the detected movement, and output heartrate data corresponding to the filtered data or signal from the firstmagnetometer 110.

The approach to filtering is described in greater detail below.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method 300 for detecting a heart rate,according to an embodiment. According to the method 300, a magnet issupported adjacent to the skin of a user in step 302. In step 304, aperiodic physical impulse is received by the magnet responsive toarterial movement during systole and diastole. Proceeding to step 306,the magnet undergoes a periodic tilting motion responsive to theperiodic physical impulse corresponding to systole and diastole. In step308, a magnetometer detects, along an axis parallel to the person'sskin, a periodic change in the strength of the magnetic field producedby the magnet. In step 310, a signal or data corresponding to aperiodicity of the detected periodic change in the strength of themagnetic field is output. The output signal or data may correspond to aheart rate of the person.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method 400 for tracking the heart rate of aperson, according to an embodiment. In step 402, a magnet is flexiblysupported adjacent to a pulse detection location of a person. Accordingto an embodiment, flexibly supporting a magnet adjacent to a pulsedetection location of a person includes supporting a flexible membraneadjacent to the pulse detection location and supporting the magnetadjacent to an artery at the pulse detection location with the flexiblemembrane. For example, the flexible membrane may support the magnetadjacent to a pulse detection location on a wrist of the person. Theinventors contemplate several alternative pulse measurement locations.In other examples, the flexible membrane may support the magnet adjacentto a pulse detection location on a foot or ankle of the person, adjacentto a pulse detection point on the neck of the person, adjacent to thetemple of the person, near to a symphysis pubis of the person, oradjacent to a knee of the person. In other embodiments, the flexiblemembrane may support the magnet adjacent to a radial or ulnar artery,adjacent to a dorsalis pedis artery, adjacent to a posterior tibialartery, adjacent to a carotid artery, adjacent to a superficial temporalartery, adjacent to a femoral artery, or adjacent to a popliteal artery.

Proceeding to step 404, the magnet undergoes movement responsive topulse movement of the person. As described above, the movement isresponsive to expansion and contraction of an adjacent artery, andespecially a peripheral artery, respectively corresponding to systolicand diastolic pressure pulses from the heart. As described above,several modes of movement and detection are contemplated. In a preferredembodiment, the magnet tilts responsive to arterial pulsing, andcorresponding magnetic field strength is detected along an axissubstantially parallel to the skin surface of the person.

In step 406, a magnetometer is operated to detect periodic changes inmagnetic field strength from the magnet, the periodic changes inmagnetic field strength corresponding to the movement of the magnet andthe pulse movement of the person.

Proceeding to step 408, a microcontroller receives magnetometer dataincluding the periodic changes in magnetic field strength from themagnet. The microcontroller can, as shown in step 410, transform themagnetometer data to produce frequency data. For example, transformingthe frequency data may include performing a Fourier transform, such as aFast Fourier Transform (FFT).

In step 412, the microcontroller receives motion data corresponding tomovement of the person. The motion data may be produced by anaccelerometer or another motion sensing device. In one example, themotion sensing device may include another magnetometer or another axisof the pulse-sensing magnetometer, wherein the motion data correspondsto motion of the person relative to far field sources, such as theearth's magnetic field.

In step 414, the motion data is used to filter the frequency data toselect a frequency most likely to correspond to a pulse rate of theperson. For example, using the motion data to filter the frequency datamay include writing the frequency data to memory, writing the motiondata to memory, comparing the motion data to previous motion data,determining the likelihood of a change in pulse rate responsive to thecompared motion data, comparing the frequency data to previous frequencydata, and identifying a high magnitude frequency domain point mostlikely to correspond to the pulse rate.

The method 400 may further include step 416, wherein the most likelypulse rate is written to memory, and step 418, wherein the most likelypulse rate is output. For example, step 418 may include wirelesslytransmitting the most likely pulse rate to a personal electronic device.The personal electronic device may be configured to run a fitness orhealth application that uses the pulse rate. Additionally oralternatively, outputting the most likely pulse rate may includedisplaying the most likely pulse rate on an electronic display.

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a pulse sensor 500 configured as awristband, according to an embodiment. In another embodiment, the pulsesensor 500 may be configured as a hat or visor band configured toreceive pulse movement from a human head. In another embodiment, thepulse sensor 500 may be configured as a sock or a shoe configured toreceive pulse movement from a human ankle or foot. Other embodiments mayinclude articles configured to be held against other areas of human skinsubject to pulse movement.

FIG. 5B is a sectional diagram 501 with partial sectional views 501 a,501 b of the pulse sensor 500 shown in FIG. 5A, according to anembodiment. With reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B, a flexible substrate 114is configured for support against a human skin surface 202. The pulsesensor 500 includes a plurality of aligned magnetic dipoles 502supported by the flexible substrate 114. A magnetic sensor 504 isconfigured to detect magnetic fields emitted by the plurality ofmagnetic dipoles 502. The magnetic sensor 504 may be a magnetometer, forexample. An analysis circuit 506 is operatively coupled to the magneticsensor 504.

The analysis circuit 506 may be configured to receive a sequence of datafrom the magnetic sensor 504. The sequence of data may include acomponent corresponding to changes in position of a portion of theplurality of magnetic dipoles 502, for example, the changes in positionof the portion of the plurality of magnetic dipoles 502 corresponding toa pulse movement of the human skin surface 202. The analysis circuit 506may be configured to output pulse chart data corresponding to thesequence of data, to determine a heart rate and output the heart rate toa data register.

Optionally, the pulse sensor 500 may include a poling magnet 508configured to pole the plurality of magnetic dipoles 502 into alignment.The poling magnet 508 may include a permanent magnet configured tomaintain a substantially constant magnetic field across each of theplurality of magnetic dipoles 502. Alternatively, the poling magnet 508may include an electromagnet. The electromagnet may be configured tomaintain a substantially constant magnetic field across each of theplurality of magnetic dipoles 502 or may be configured to apply aperiodically reversing poling field to the plurality of magnetic dipoles502.

The plurality of magnetic dipoles 502 may include high coercivitymagnetic particles whose pole orientations are aligned by an externalmagnet as they are cured into the flexible substrate 114 while theflexible substrate 114 is curing. In this case, the plurality ofmagnetic dipoles 502 are held in magnetic alignment by a cross-linkedcomponent of the flexible substrate 114. Additionally or alternatively,the plurality of magnetic dipoles 502 may be placed in pole alignedorientation by assembling them onto the flexible substrate 114 with apick-and-place machine.

Alternatively, the plurality of magnetic dipoles 502 may include lowcoercivity ferromagnetic particles whose pole orientation is induced byan applied magnetic field. As described above, the pulse sensor 500 mayinclude the poling magnet 508 configured to hold the plurality offerromagnetic particles in magnetic alignment as magnetic dipoles 502.The poling magnet 508 may include a permanent magnet. The poling magnet508 may be configured to maintain a substantially constant magneticfield across each of the plurality of magnetic dipoles 502. The polingmagnet 508 may include an electromagnet. The electromagnet may beconfigured to apply a field with periodically reversing magnetic pole tothe plurality of magnetic dipoles 502.

The sequence of data output from the magnetic sensor 504 to the analysiscircuit 506 may include data corresponding to the periodically reversingmagnetic field. The analysis circuit 506 may convert the sequence ofdata to baseband data that includes the component corresponding tochanges in position of the portion of the plurality of magnetic dipoles502 corresponding to a pulse movement of the human skin surface 202. Theplurality of magnetic dipoles 502 may be configured to magneticallyrotate responsive to the periodically reversing poling field and tomaintain magnetic polarity in the periodically reversing poling field.

The plurality of magnetic dipoles 502 may be held in alignment by across-linked component of the flexible substrate 114. The alignment ofthe magnetic dipoles 502 may be formed by poling the magnetic dipoles502 carried by a precursor of the flexible substrate 114 andcross-linking the cross-linked component to hold the plurality ofmagnetic dipoles 502 in net magnetic alignment. Additionally oralternatively, the plurality of magnetic dipoles 502 may be held inalignment by the flexible substrate 114 and/or assembled onto theflexible substrate 114 by a pick-and-place machine.

The magnetic dipoles 502 may carry a net magnetic alignment as a group.Individual magnetic dipoles may carry respective magnetic axes thatdiffer from the net magnetic alignment. The magnetic dipoles 502 may bealigned along a Cartesian axis, aligned along respective radial axes,aligned along hyperbolically varying axes in at least one plane, and/oraligned with respective axes that are substantially normal to theflexible substrate 114.

The magnetic sensor 504 may include a sensor configured to sense amagnetic field along an axis at least periodically corresponding to amagnetic axis of the magnetic dipoles. Optionally, the magnetic sensor504 may be configured to sense magnetic field strength along a pluralityof axis. For example, the magnetic sensor 504 may include an X-axismagnetic sensor configured to sense a magnetic field component along anX-axis, a Y-axis magnetic sensor configured to sense a magnetic fieldcomponent along a Y-axis, and a Z-axis magnetic sensor configured tosense a magnetic field component along a Z-axis. The X-, Y-, and Z-axesmay be defined with respect to a sensor circuit assembly and/or may bedefined with respect to the plurality of aligned magnetic dipoles 502.

The magnetic sensor 504 may include at least one sensor aligned relativeto the aligned magnetic dipoles 502 and a magnetic sensor arrayconfigured to sense magnetic field components at a plurality oflocations in a sensor array.

The magnetic sensor 504 may be configured to sense one or more magneticfield components less than 10⁻³ as strong as the earth's magnetic field.In another embodiment, the magnetic sensor 504 may be configured tosense one or more magnetic field components less than 10⁻⁶ as strong asthe earth's magnetic field.

The magnetic sensor 504 may be arranged as a plurality of sensormodules, each sensor module being configured to sense a magnetic fieldalong a plurality of sensing axes.

The analysis circuit 506 may be configured to receive a sequence of datafrom the magnetic sensor 504. Each datum in the sequence of data maycorrespond to magnetic field strength along each of three axes. Theanalysis circuit 506 may be configured to transform each datum bycalculating a square root of a sum of squares of the data correspondingto the magnetic field strength along each of three axes. Additionally oralternatively, the analysis circuit 506 may be configured to output thetransformed data to a data buffer.

The pulse sensor 500 may include the housing 118 configured to carry theflexible substrate 114, the magnetic sensor 504, and the analysiscircuit 506. The housing 118 may be configured to be worn around a humanwrist, as shown in FIG. 5A. The flexible substrate 114 may beelastomeric. The housing 118 may include a suspension, such as hydrogel,operatively coupled to the flexible substrate 114, the suspension beingconfigured to urge the flexible substrate 114 against the human skinsurface 202.

The pulse sensor 500 may further include an elastomeric foam disposed topress against an outside surface 510 of the flexible substrate 114, theelastomeric foam being configured to urge the flexible substrate 114carrying the plurality of magnetic dipoles 502 against the human skinsurface 202. In an embodiment, the magnetic sensor 504 may include amagnetometer.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a method 600 for detecting a human pulse,according to an embodiment. The method 600 begins with step 602, inwhich a flexible substrate carrying aligned magnetic dipoles issupported (e.g., held) against a human skin surface. The flexiblesubstrate is particularly supported against a portion of the human skinsurface subject to motion caused by a human pulse. For example, theflexible substrate with magnetic dipoles may be supported against anartery in a wrist, or against a carotid artery in the neck.

Optionally, the method 600 may include step 604, wherein the pluralityof magnetic dipoles are held in net magnetic alignment by supporting amagnet near the plurality of magnetic dipoles. The magnet forms amagnetic poling field across the plurality of magnetic dipoles thatcauses the magnetic dipoles to rotate into alignment. According to anembodiment, aligned magnetic dipoles may be formed as net magneticdipoles. In other words, the magnetic dipoles may be aligned to anaverage axis, but individual magnetic particles (dipoles) may beoff-axis or even antiparallel to the average axis.

In alternative to step 604, the magnetic dipoles may be aligned duringmanufacture of the pulse sensor. For example, the dipoles may be poledwhile a polymer is cross-linked around the dipoles to hold them inplace. Alternatively, the dipoles may be applied to the flexiblesubstrate in alignment, such as by a pick-and-place machine.

Proceeding to step 606, physical movement of a portion of the magneticdipoles from the human skin surface is received, the physical movementbeing a pulse movement of the human skin surface.

In step 608, magnetic field data is sensed. For example, the magneticfield data may include measurement of a time sequence of magneticfields. The time sequence may include a component corresponding tomotion of the aligned magnetic dipoles caused by the human pulse.

Proceeding to step 610, the magnetic field data is transformed toheartbeat data corresponding to the sensed human pulse. The method 600may include step 612, wherein the heartbeat data is converted to a humanheart rate.

A health monitor sensor, unless context dictates otherwise, includes asensor that is capable of detecting a signal at a peripheral arteryproportional to instantaneous blood flow and of outputting dataindicative of a plurality of artery expanded states (e.g. instantaneouscross-sectional areas, instantaneous diameters, or the like) similarlyto a skilled person detecting a pulse at the location(s). Embodimentsdescribed herein make use of a modulation sensitive pulse sensor.Modulation sensitive pulse sensors may include strain or pressuresensors, ultrasound transceiver sensors, photoplethysmographytransceiver sensors, or magnetic sensors, as further described herein.

Embodiments of the health monitor sensor described herein include apulse sensor that has a first portion held conformal to pulsations ofthe artery expressed as movements of the skin of the wearer. A secondportion of the pulse sensor is configured to measure periodicdisplacement of the first portion relative to the wearer's body.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of a pulse wave 1000 corresponding to datagenerated by a prototype pulse sensor described in conjunction withFIGS. 2A and 2B.

Referring to FIG. 10, FIG. 2A corresponds to a portion 1002 of a pulsewave 1000 between heartbeats when the artery 104 is contracted. Themagnet(s) 102 tend to lie in plane with the user's skin 202.

The inventors have discovered that a ratio between the (vertical axis)value of the systolic pressure 1004 to the value of the diastolic hump1006 is indicative of the state of hydration of a wearer of the sensor.

In yet other embodiments, a number of magnets 102 may be disposed torespond to pulse movement at a plurality of locations along a peripheralartery 104.

According to an embodiment, the pulse sensor 200 may include sensorsother than magnetic sensors (e.g., magnetometer 110) for sensing thepulse rate, modulation, or blood flow rate in a peripheral artery. Forexample, the pulse sensor 200 may include one or more of piezo-electricsensors, piezo-resistive sensors, capacitive sensors, or other kinds ofsensors suitable for detecting parameters of a peripheral artery. Thoseof skill in the art will recognize, in light of the present disclosure,that sensors other than those described herein may be used in accordancewith principles of the present disclosure. Such other sensors may fallwithin the scope of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart of a method 1100 for monitoring the hydration ofa person, according to an embodiment. The method 1100 begins at step1102, which includes measuring a physical periodic motion correspondingto a peripheral artery with a pulse sensor to determine pulse data, eachmeasured physical periodic motion corresponding to a sequence ofinstantaneous arterial size estimates or derivatives thereof. The pulsedata (which may include a modulation and a pulse rate) is then output.For example, the measurements may be performed by a pulse sensor akin tothe pulse sensor 200 described in conjunction with FIGS. 2A and 2B.According to an embodiment, each instance of modulation and pulse ratedata may be obtained from a series of measurements of a magnetic fieldstrength, e.g. as the field strength produced by one or more magnetsthat are displaced by the physical pulsations of the artery. The fieldstrength is measured at a frequency that is a sufficiently smallfraction of a pulse period to produce a waveform corresponding tochanging diameters of the artery during the pulse period, and forsufficient duration to average across a plurality of periods.

Referring to FIG. 10, the modulation data for each pulse include thesequence of magnetic field strengths over the duration of the pulseperiod as it passes the sensor as a wave. The differences (or averagedifference) between maximum and minimum magnetic field strengths areused to define the magnitude of systolic expansion 1004 across theperiodic response of the artery (optionally, averaged along theplurality of periods). The shape and magnitude of the diastolic hump1006 is included in the modulation data, the value being determined byfinding the local maximum between a local minimum 1008 (dicrotic notch)following the systolic peak 1004 and the overall minimum 1002.

The inventors have discovered that the ratio of systolic maximum 1004 todiastolic hump maximum 1006 is covariant with hydration, at least over ahydration range. This relationship is used, according to embodiments, toinfer a state of hydration of the measured individual.

In an embodiment, referring again to FIG. 11, the method 1100 includesdetecting periodic pulsations at a plurality of distances along anartery.

Referring again to FIG. 11, proceeding to step 1104, one or moreinstances of pulse data are received with a programmable hardware device(e.g., microcontroller). In step 1106, the microcontroller writes thepulse data to a memory device as an instant in an arterial pulsationhistory. Optionally, the microcontroller may calculate a function of thecombined modulation and pulse rate (as described below) for eachinstance of the modulation and pulse rate pair. In this case, separatelysaving the actual modulation and actual pulse rate may be omitted. Itwill be understood that such a calculation and omission falls within thedefinition of “saving the modulation and pulse rate into a buffermemory.” The steps 1102 to 1106 can, in an embodiment, be performedasynchronously with other steps of the method 1100. The arterialpulsation history is then read by the microcontroller.

In step 1108, the microcontroller may determine at least one limitincluding at least one of a pulse wave modulation value, a pulse ratevalue, and a blood flow value from the arterial pulsation history.Optionally, step 1108 may include determining separate limits for pulserate and modulated difference between systolic peak and diastolic hump.(Under a condition of dehydration, the pulse rate increases and thedifference in height between the systolic peak and diastolic humpdecreases.) In another embodiment, step 1108 may include determining anoverall blood flow by integrating or summing the total area under thepulse wave curve over a plurality of periods, referred to as blood flowherein. (Under a condition of dehydration, pulse rate increases butblood flow decreases.) In another embodiment, step 1108 may includedetermining both the modulated difference between systolic peak anddiastolic hump and blood flow. The method 1100 may include determinationof a function (that may be embodied as a look-up table, or LUT) thatcarries both a combined variable limit and separate single variablelimits. For ease of reference, any combination of single variable andmultiple variable limits may be referred to as limits, herein. In anembodiment, the modulation corresponds to a difference in ratio betweensystolic peak and diastolic hump in expansion of the peripheral arterybased on the pulse sensor. The method 1100 further includes identifyingthe diastolic hump as a local maximum in expansion of the peripheralartery between a local minimum corresponding to a dicrotic notch and anoverall minimum of a diameter of the peripheral artery as indicated bythe pulse sensor. In an embodiment, the systolic peak corresponds to anoverall maximum expansion of the peripheral artery as indicated by thepulse sensor.

In step 1110, the at least one limit is written to a non-transitorycomputer readable medium. For example, the buffer memory may form aportion of the non-transitory computer readable medium.

In an embodiment, proceeding from step 1110, one or more new pulse datasets is received, and at least one new variable value from the one ormore new pulse data sets is calculated. Periodically (and optionallyasynchronously with the pulse and modulation pair periodicity),referring to step 1112, the programmable hardware device(microcontroller) may compare the at least one new variable value to theat least one limit. Step 1114 is a decision step, wherein if thevariables are within limits, the method 1100 may loop back to step 1112.If the variables are not within limits, the method proceeds to step1116. In step 1116, the microcontroller outputs a prompt via a userinterface to the person. Step 1116 is executed only if a predeterminednumber of instances of the at least one new variable falls outside theat least one limit. The method 1100 further may include determining andwriting at least one new value of the at least one limit as a functionof one or more instances of the one or more new pulse data sets. The atleast one new value of the at least one limit may be a function of atleast a portion of at least one prior value of the at least one limit.

Outputting the prompt may take various forms. In one example, theapparatus includes a visual display such as an LED that normally pulsesgreen approximately synchronously with the person's pulse. When thelimits are violated, the microcontroller may cause the LED to pulseamber. Optionally, the variables may include different levels of limits.A more severe violation of the limits may cause the microcontroller tocause the LED to flash red. Other types of visual, audible, and hapticuser interfaces for issuing the prompt may equivalently fall withinmeaning of “prompt.”

Various related embodiments are contemplated by the inventors.

In one embodiment, comparing the at least one new variable value to theat least one limit in step 1112 includes comparing at least threesuccessive measured instances of the at least one new variable value tothe at least one limit. Similarly. outputting a prompt from themicrocontroller via a user interface to the person if the predeterminednumber of instances of the at least one new variable value falls outsidethe at least one limit may include outputting the prompt if and only ifeach of the at least three successive instances of the at least one newvariable value falls outside the at least one limit.

As indicated above, measuring a physical periodic motion correspondingto a peripheral artery with a pulse sensor, in step 1102, may includesupporting one or more magnets on a flexible substrate adjacent to theperson's skin such that the peripheral artery lies subjacent to the oneor more magnets; and detecting a magnetic field variation produced bythe one or more magnets responsive to physical pulsations received fromthe subjacent peripheral artery with a magnetic sensor.

The inventors contemplate a variety of approaches to determining thelimits. For example, step 1108 may include computing a standarddeviation of instances of the arterial pulsation history and setting theat least one limit as two standard deviations greater than a meanarterial pulsation history value. Additionally or alternatively, step1108 may include computing a slope variable of a function of instancesof the at least one value, and setting the at least one limit as aderivative of the slope variable times a constant greater than one. I

In an embodiment, the prompt may indicate that the person is dehydrated.The method 1100 further may include outputting the prompt if the pulserate falls outside the pulse rate limit and if the modulation fallsoutside the modulation limit.

According to an embodiment, a non-transitory computer readable mediumcarrying computer executable instructions configured to cause a portabledevice to execute a method including the steps of measuring a physicalperiodic motion of a peripheral artery with a pulse sensor, eachmeasured physical periodic motion including a modulation and a pulserate, and receiving the modulation and pulse rate with a microcontrollerand saving the modulation and pulse rate to a buffer memory as amodulation history and pulse rate history. The method includesdetermining, with the microcontroller, a modulation, estimatedinstantaneous blood flow rate and pulse rate limit from the modulationand pulse rate history, and writing the modulation, blood flow rate andpulse rate limit to a non-transitory computer readable medium. Themethod includes comparing, with the microcontroller, one or moremeasured instances of the modulation, blood flow rate and correspondingpulse rate to the modulation, blood flow rate and pulse rate limit, andoutputting a prompt from the microcontroller via a user interface to theperson if the one or more measured instances of the modulation, bloodflow rate and pulse rate falls outside the modulation, blood flow rateand pulse rate limit.

In an embodiment, comparing the one or more measured instances of themodulation, blood flow and corresponding pulse rate to the modulation,blood flow and pulse rate limit further includes comparing at leastthree successive measured instances to the combined modulation and pulserate limit. Outputting a prompt from the microcontroller via a userinterface to the person if the one or more measured instances of themodulation, blood flow and pulse rate falls outside the modulation,blood flow and pulse rate limit further includes outputting the promptif and only if each of the at least three successive measured instancesfalls outside the modulation, blood flow and pulse rate limit.

In an embodiment, measuring a physical periodic motion of a peripheralartery with a pulse sensor further includes supporting one or moremagnets on a flexible substrate adjacent to the person's skin such thatthe peripheral artery lies subjacent to the one or more magnets, anddetecting a magnetic field variation produced by the one or more magnetsresponsive to physical pulsations received from the subjacent peripheralartery with a pulse sensor.

In an embodiment, determining, with the microcontroller, the modulationand pulse rate limit from the modulation and pulse rate history furtherincludes computing a standard deviation variable of a function ofinstances of modulation and blood flow rate divided by correspondingpulse rate, and setting the modulation and pulse rate limit as twostandard deviations greater than a mean function value. Alternatively,determining, with the microcontroller, the modulation, blood flow andpulse rate limit from the modulation and pulse rate history furtherincludes computing a slope variable of a function of instances ofmodulation and blood flow rate divided by corresponding pulse rate, andsetting the modulation, blood flow and pulse rate limit as a derivativeof the slope variable times a constant greater than one.

In an embodiment, the prompt indicates that the person is dehydrated.The method may further include outputting the prompt if the pulse ratefalls outside the pulse rate limit and if the modulation falls outsidethe modulation limit.

In an embodiment, the modulation corresponds to a difference or ratiobetween systolic peak and diastolic hump corresponding to respectiveexpansion of the peripheral artery. In another embodiment, the methodfurther includes identifying the diastolic hump as a local maximum inexpansion of the peripheral artery between a local minimum correspondingto a dicrotic notch and an overall minimum of a diameter of theperipheral artery as indicated by the pulse sensor. The systolic peakmay correspond to an overall maximum expansion of the peripheral arteryas indicated by the pulse sensor.

According to an embodiment, a method includes generating, with a pulsesensor positioned adjacent to a peripheral artery of a person, pulsesensor signals indicative of movement of the peripheral artery,calculating, with a digital processor, a pulse rate and a modulation ofthe peripheral artery based on the pulse sensor signals, and comparing,with the digital processor, the pulse rate and the modulation toreference pulse rates and reference modulations. The method includesdetermining, with the digital processor, a state of hydration of theperson based on the comparison of the pulse rate and modulation to thereference pulse rates and reference modulations, and outputting an alertto the user if the state of hydration corresponds to the person beingdehydrated.

In an embodiment, the modulation corresponds to a difference betweensystolic peak and diastolic hump in expansion of the peripheral arteryas indicated by the sensor signals. In another embodiment, themodulation corresponds to a ratio between systolic peak and diastolichump in expansion of the peripheral artery as indicated by the sensorsignals.

In an embodiment, the method further includes determining that theperson is dehydrated based on an increase in pulse rate compared to thereference pulse rate and a decrease in modulation compared to thereference modulation. In an embodiment, the method further includesgenerating, with the digital processor, the reference pulse rate andmodulation based on previous motion of the peripheral artery asindicated by sensor signals previously generated by the pulse sensor.

FIG. 12 illustrates optional locations 1202, 1204, 1206, 1208 forsupporting a pulse sensor against respective arteries, according toembodiments. In an embodiment, a pulse sensor may detect a femoral pulsenear a symphysis pubis of the wearer by positioning the pulse sensor todetect blood pulsation in the femoral artery 1202. For example, anundergarment or garment (not shown) positioned adjacent to the femoralartery 1202 may carry a pulse sensor. In the case of a magnetic pulsesensor, the undergarment or garment may support a flexible surface incontact with the skin surface, the flexible surface carrying a magnetsubject to movement responsive to pulse palpations.

In an embodiment, a pulse sensor may detect a popliteal pulse at a kneeof the wearer by positioning the pulse sensor to detect blood pulsationin the popliteal artery 1204. For example, a knee brace, knee protector,or garment (not shown) positioned adjacent to the popliteal artery 1204may carry a pulse sensor. In the case of a magnetic pulse sensor, theknee brace, knee protector, or garment may support a flexible surface incontact with the skin surface, the flexible surface carrying a magnetsubject to movement responsive to pulse palpations.

In an embodiment, a pulse sensor may detect a posterior tibial pulse ata knee of the wearer by positioning the pulse sensor to detect bloodpulsation in the posterior tibial artery 1206. For example, an anklebrace, sock, or shoe (not shown) positioned adjacent to the posteriortibial artery 1206 may carry a pulse sensor. In the case of a magneticpulse sensor, the ankle brace, sock, or shoe may support a flexiblesurface in contact with the skin surface, the flexible surface carryinga magnet subject to movement responsive to pulse palpations.

In an embodiment, a pulse sensor may detect a dorsalis pedis pulse at afoot of the wearer by positioning the pulse sensor to detect bloodpulsation in the dorsalis pedis artery 1208. For example, an anklebrace, sock, or shoe (not shown) positioned adjacent to the dorsalispedis artery 1208 may carry a pulse sensor. In the case of a magneticpulse sensor, the ankle brace, sock, or shoe may support a flexiblesurface in contact with the skin surface, the flexible surface carryinga magnet subject to movement responsive to pulse palpations.

EXAMPLES

Specific embodiments may be made by reference to the following examples:

Objective:

The objective of this study is to determine the technical feasibility ofdetecting human pulse at the wrist by means of magnetic sensors using anovel approach in which what is detected is perturbations to a referencemagnetic field created by arterial palpation, i.e. theexpansion/contraction of the artery cause by the bloods pulsation.

Approach:

The approach used in this study is to embed magnetic particles into anelastomeric substrate. The magnetic particles were formed by crushing apermanent magnet. The magnetic poles of the particles were aligned whilethe substrate was cured by exposing them to a strong external magnet.The resulting elastomeric membrane was then stretched across a PVCcylindrical cross-section and the magnetic sensor module was mounted onthe opposite end of the PVC cylinder such that the sensor that isperpendicular to the membrane is approximately 2 mm from the membranesensing down towards the membrane. A view of the sensor 504 is shown inFIG. 7. The sensor module 700 was connected by ribbon cable to a circuitboard with power, control and I/O capabilities.

Results:

The sensor was pressed to the wrist at the radial artery. Samples weretaken at a frequency 16.6 Hz for 12 s. The resulting time series clearlyshow a pulse averaging approximately 75 beats per minute. Data plots800, 900 are shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. The pulse was then independentlyestimated to be approximately 75 bpm, which verified the data.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments are contemplated. The various aspects andembodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and arenot intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit beingindicated by the following claims.

1-96. (canceled)
 97. A non-transitory computer readable medium carryingcomputer executable instructions configured to cause a portable deviceto execute a method comprising the steps of: measuring a physicalperiodic motion of a peripheral artery with a pulse sensor, eachmeasured physical periodic motion including a modulation and a pulserate; receiving the modulation and pulse rate with a microcontroller andsaving the modulation and pulse rate to a buffer memory as a modulationhistory and pulse rate history; determining, with the microcontroller, amodulation, estimated instantaneous blood flow rate and pulse rate limitfrom the modulation and pulse rate history; writing the modulation,blood flow rate and pulse rate limit to a non-transitory computerreadable medium; comparing, with the microcontroller, one or moremeasured instances of the modulation, blood flow rate and correspondingpulse rate to the modulation, blood flow rate and pulse rate limit; andoutputting a prompt from the microcontroller via a user interface to theperson if the one or more measured instances of the modulation, bloodflow rate and pulse rate falls outside the modulation, blood flow rateand pulse rate limit.
 98. The non-transitory computer readable mediumcarrying computer executable instructions configured to cause a portabledevice to execute the method of claim 97, wherein comparing the one ormore measured instances of the modulation, blood flow and correspondingpulse rate to the modulation, blood flow and pulse rate limit furthercomprises: comparing at least three successive measured instances to thecombined modulation and pulse rate limit; and wherein outputting aprompt from the microcontroller via a user interface to the person ifthe one or more measured instances of the modulation, blood flow andpulse rate falls outside the modulation, blood flow and pulse rate limitfurther comprises: outputting the prompt if and only if each of the atleast three successive measured instances falls outside the modulation,blood flow and pulse rate limit.
 99. The non-transitory computerreadable medium carrying computer executable instructions configured tocause a portable device to execute the method of claim 97, whereinmeasuring a physical periodic motion of a peripheral artery with a pulsesensor further comprises: supporting one or more magnets on a flexiblesubstrate adjacent to the person's skin such that the peripheral arterylies subjacent to the one or more magnets; and detecting a magneticfield variation produced by the one or more magnets responsive tophysical pulsations received from the subjacent peripheral artery with amagnetic sensor.
 100. The non-transitory computer readable mediumcarrying computer executable instructions configured to cause a portabledevice to execute the method of claim 97, wherein determining, with themicrocontroller, the modulation and pulse rate limit from the modulationand pulse rate history further comprises: computing a standard deviationvariable of a function of instances of modulation and blood flow ratedivided by corresponding pulse rate; and setting the modulation andpulse rate limit as two standard deviations greater than a mean functionvalue.
 101. The non-transitory computer readable medium carryingcomputer executable instructions configured to cause a portable deviceto execute the method of claim 97, wherein determining, with themicrocontroller, the modulation, blood flow and pulse rate limit fromthe modulation and pulse rate history further comprises: computing aslope variable of a function of instances of modulation and blood flowrate divided by corresponding pulse rate; and setting the modulation,blood flow and pulse rate limit as a derivative of the slope variabletimes a constant greater than one.
 102. The non-transitory computerreadable medium carrying computer executable instructions configured tocause a portable device to execute the method of claim 97, wherein theprompt indicates that the person is dehydrated.
 103. The non-transitorycomputer readable medium carrying computer executable instructionsconfigured to cause a portable device to execute the method of claim102, further comprising outputting the prompt if the pulse rate fallsoutside the pulse rate limit and if the modulation falls outside themodulation limit.
 104. The non-transitory computer readable mediumcarrying computer executable instructions configured to cause a portabledevice to execute the method of claim 97, wherein the modulationcorresponds to a difference or ratio between systolic peak and diastolichump corresponding to respective expansion of the peripheral artery.105. The non-transitory computer readable medium carrying computerexecutable instructions configured to cause a portable device to executethe method of claim 97, further comprising identifying the diastolichump as a local maximum in expansion of the peripheral artery between alocal minimum corresponding to a dicrotic notch and an overall minimumof a diameter of the peripheral artery as indicated by the pulse sensor.106. The non-transitory computer readable medium carrying computerexecutable instructions configured to cause a portable device to executethe method of claim 105, wherein the systolic peak corresponds to anoverall maximum expansion of the peripheral artery as indicated by thepulse sensor.
 107. A method, comprising: generating, with a pulse sensorpositioned adjacent to a peripheral artery of a person, pulse sensorsignals indicative of movement of the peripheral artery; calculating,with a digital processor, a pulse rate and a modulation of theperipheral artery based on the pulse sensor signals; comparing, with thedigital processor, the pulse rate and the modulation to reference pulserates and reference modulations; determining, with the digitalprocessor, a state of hydration of the person based on the comparison ofthe pulse rate and modulation to the reference pulse rates and referencemodulations; and outputting an alert to the user if the state ofhydration corresponds to the person being dehydrated.
 108. The method ofclaim 107, wherein the modulation corresponds to a difference betweensystolic peak and diastolic hump in expansion of the peripheral arteryas indicated by the sensor signals.
 109. The method of claim 107,wherein the modulation corresponds to a ratio between systolic peak anddiastolic hump in expansion of the peripheral artery as indicated by thesensor signals.
 110. The method of claim 107, further comprisingdetermining that the person is dehydrated based on an increase in pulserate compared to the reference pulse rate and a decrease in modulationcompared to the reference modulation.
 111. The method of claim 107,further comprising generating, with the digital processor, the referencepulse rate and modulation based on previous motion of the peripheralartery as indicated by sensor signals previously generated by the pulsesensor.